What term best describes the process of gathering data and information about a problem?

The process of gathering data and information about a problem is best described by the term "analysis." Analysis involves taking the collected data and systematically examining it to understand the problem's nature, significance, and underlying factors. This step is crucial in any problem-solving framework, as it lays the groundwork for making informed decisions based on evidence rather than assumptions.

In the context of security testing, analysis helps identify vulnerabilities or weaknesses by breaking down complex information into manageable parts. This allows for a clearer understanding of potential risks and the formulation of strategies to mitigate them. The results of the analysis will inform subsequent actions, such as assessment and implementation, but the gathering and examination of data itself is centered around the analysis function.